Simultaneous Determination of Glyphosate,Glufosinate, and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid by Capillary Electrophoresis After 9‐Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate Derivatization

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV absorption detection method is described for the simultaneous determination of glufosinate, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphoric acid. The 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC‐Cl) was used for precolumn derivatization of the non‐absorbing herbicides. The three analytes were separated by CE in 9 min with 25 mM borate buffer at pH 9, followed by detection with a UV detector at 260 nm. We demonstrate how the detection limit can be enhanced by using acetonitrile‐salt mixtures. With acetonitrile‐salt mixtures, the limit of detection (LOD) was in the 10^?7 M range. Linearity of more than two orders of magnitude was generally obtained. Precisions of migration times and peak areas were less than 0.9% and 7.5%, respectively. The applicabilities of the method for the analysis of ground water and lake water were examined.     

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Radical Pairs and Isolated Radicals Trapped in Irradiated Long-Chain Hydrocarbons at Low Temperatures

The intrinsic characteristics of radical pairs produced in squalane and in cetane receiving high gamma-dose are extensively studied with the EPR technique at temperatures from 77°K up to 150°K. The spectra of the paired radicals occur at g=4 with a very low transition probability in contrast to that of isolated radicals which appear at g=2 A well-resolved hyperfine spectrum corresponding to the species (CH₃CH₂.CH₂CH₃) is observed in cetane. The isothermal decay rates of radical pairs in cetane below 100°K are significantly slow; however, the decay kinetics at 150°K is first order with rate constant=1.86 min^?1. A relatively slower decay rate is obtained for isolated radicals suggesting that the decay mechanism of paired radicals is through geminate recombination. The relative inter-radical distance in radical pairs is known from a decay curve as a function of temperature. The yields of radical pairs are low in both matrices, only few percents of those of isolated radicals. The formation mechanisms of paired radicals with direct radiolytic bond scission process are discussed in connection with the experimental observations.     

H2S-induced reorganization of mixed monolayer of carboxylic derivatives on silver surface

The structure of self-assembled monolayers ofp-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the mixed monolayers of this acid with n-hexadecanoic acid on silver surface were studied by reflection-IR spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurement, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM), and atomic force microscopy. Exposure of the p-terphenyl-4-carboxylate monolayer to H2S vapor resulted in reorganization of the film structure into clusters of the corresponding free acids, in tens of nanometer dimension. Exposure of the mixed monolayer to H2S resulted in reorganization of the mixed monolayer film into phase-separated clusters of respective component molecules. The saturated aliphatic acid formed clusters of submicrometer size, whereas the p-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid formed clusters of tens of nanometer size, presumably due to different surface mobility and/or intermolecular interaction of the two types of molecule. Restoration of the monolayer film from the clusters, driven by the reaction between the free acid molecules and the basic surface sites, proceeded at different speeds for the two types of molecules. The saturated acid monolayer was restored much faster than the p-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid monolayer. A domain-separated monolayer in several micrometers scale was obtained. The process was imaged by tapping mode atomic force microscopy.     

Synthesis of the anionic fluororeceptors based on thiourea and amide groups and recognition property for α,ω-dicarboxylate

Three new neutral receptors (1, 2 and 3) containing thiourea and amide groups were synthesized by simple steps in good yields. The binding properties for anions of 1, 2 and 3 were examined by UV-vis, fluorescence, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Receptors 1, 2 and 3 all had a better adipate anion selectivity by comparison with other dicarboxylate anions. The association constants of 1, 2 and 3 with adipate were higher as compared to other anions (malonate, succinate, glutarate). In particular, a distinct color change was observed from light yellow to orange-red upon addition of adipate to the solution of 1 in DMSO. The UV-vis and fluorescence data indicate that a 1:1 stoichiometry complex is formed between compound 1, 2 or 3 and dicarboxylate anions through hydrogen bonding interactions.     

聚苯乙烯磺酸掺杂聚苯胺的合成

以苯胺（An）为单体，过硫酸铵（APS）为氧化剂，在聚苯乙烯磺酸（PSSA）的水溶液中，合成了可完全溶于水的PSSA掺杂PAn。研究了An浓度，PSSA浓度，APS浓度，APS的滴加时间，反应时间及温度对An聚合反应及其产物的水溶性，导电性及特性粘度[η]的影响。结果表明：在比较宽的实验条件下，都可以合成出具有良好导电性的可溶于水的PSSA掺杂PAn；其中当An：PSSA:APS的摩尔比为1．7：2．5：1，APS溶液的滴加时间为3h，反应时间为1h，反应温度为14℃时，得到的掺杂PAn导电率最高达0．156S／cm。     

Monitoring the removal of carbonate from alkali metal hydroxide solutions using gas diffusion flow injection

Monitoring the removal of carbonate from alkali metal hydroxide (MOH, M = K, Na) solutions with calcium oxide (CaO) was studied using a newly developed method for the determination of trace amounts of total carbonate (TC) in alkaline solutions based on a flow injection (FI) technique coupled with a gas diffusion system. The optimized conditions of the FI system were as follows: the flow rate of each carrier, reaction solution (H2SO4) and receptor solution (Cresol Red, pH 8.9) was 0.25 ml min(-1), the sample size was 0.1 ml and the concentration of H2SO4 in the reaction solution was 0.09 M. The limit of detection of TC by the proposed method was 4 x 10(-7) M. The removal efficiency of carbonate was affected by the amount of CaO added, the shaking time of the solutions and the concentration of MOH. For 1 M NaOH and KOH solution, the removal efficiency of carbonate was about 99% and the concentration of residual carbonate was 4 x 10(-5) and 1.2 X 10(-4) M, respectively, when the amount of CaO added was 2 g l(-1) and the shaking time was 16 h.     

Effect of pendent group structures on the chemical selectivity and performance of sulfonated copolymers as novel pseudophases in electrokinetic chromatography

Amphiphilic copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with dihydrocholesteryl acrylate (pDHCHAt) or tert-octyl acrylamide (ptOAm) as comonomers were synthesized, characterized and used as new polymeric pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography. High-efficiency separations with theoretical plates around 500,000 to 870,000/m were achieved. Linear solvation energy relationships analysis of 20 solutes was performed to investigate the retention mechanism. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were separated under 30% v/v acetonitrile. The separation of nine aromatic model solutes by pDHCHAt showed significantly different selectivity from that of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although only minor difference in selectivity was found for small aromatic compounds on pDHCHAt and poly(AMPS-lauryl acrylate), significantly different retention mechanism was found for PAHs and n-dodecanophenone comparing both copolymers. Significant chemical selectivity difference was found for selected small aromatic compounds on ptOAm and poly(AMPS-stearyl acrylamide).     

Tracking the optical mass centroid of single electroactive nanoparticles reveals the electrochemically inactive zone

The inevitable microstructural defects, including cracks, grain boundaries and cavities, make a portion of the material inaccessible to electrons and ions, becoming the incentives for electrochemically inactive zones in single entity. Herein, we introduced dark field microscopy to study the variation of scattering spectrum and optical mass centroid (OMC) of single Prussian blue nanoparticles during electrochemical reaction. The “dark zone” embedded in a single electroactive nanoparticle resulted in the incomplete reaction, and consequently led to the misalignment of OMC for different electrochemical intermediate states. We further revealed the dark zones such as lattice defects in the same entity, which were externally manifested as the fixed pathway for OMC for the migration of potassium ions. This method opens up enormous potentiality to optically access the heterogeneous intraparticle dark zones, with implications for evaluating the crystallinity and electrochemical recyclability of single electroactive nano-objects.

The schematic of single cubic-shaped Prussian blue (PB) mesocrystals formed by the oriented aggregation of small nanocrystals. The dark-field images of single PB nanoparticle at PB and Prussian white (PW) states, respectively.     

Design of a calcium-binding protein with desired structure in a cell adhesion molecule

Ca2+, "a signal of life and death", controls numerous cellular processes through interactions with proteins. An effective approach to understanding the role of Ca2+ is the design of a Ca2+-binding protein with predicted structural and functional properties. To design de novo Ca2+-binding sites in proteins is challenging due to the high coordination numbers and the incorporation of charged ligand residues, in addition to Ca2+-induced conformational change. Here, we demonstrate the successful design of a Ca2+-binding site in the non-Ca2+-binding cell adhesion protein CD2. This designed protein, Ca.CD2, exhibits selectivity for Ca2+ versus other di- and monovalent cations. In addition, La3+ (Kd 5.0 microM) and Tb3+ (Kd 6.6 microM) bind to the designed protein somewhat more tightly than does Ca2+ (Kd 1.4 mM). More interestingly, Ca.CD2 retains the native ability to associate with the natural target molecule. The solution structure reveals that Ca.CD2 binds Ca2+ at the intended site with the designed arrangement, which validates our general strategy for designing de novo Ca2+-binding proteins. The structural information also provides a close view of structural determinants that are necessary for a functional protein to accommodate the metal-binding site. This first success in designing Ca2+-binding proteins with desired structural and functional properties opens a new avenue in unveiling key determinants to Ca2+ binding, the mechanism of Ca2+ signaling, and Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion, while avoiding the complexities of the global conformational changes and cooperativity in natural Ca2+-binding proteins. It also represents a major achievement toward designing functional proteins controlled by Ca2+ binding.     

Mössbauer and electric conductivity studies of bidentate base adducts of acetylacetonatoiron(II)

Summary Bidentate bridging base polymer complexes of acetylacetonatoiron(II) [Fe(acac)₂L]_n, where L=pyrazine(pyz), 4,4-bipyridine(bpy),trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene(bpe), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane(bpa) and 4,4-trimethylene bipyridine(tmbpy), have been prepared, characterized and oxidized by iodine to give a range of iron(III) and iron(II) complexes [Fe(acac)₂L · I_x]_n] in which the Fe^III/Fe^II ratios were established by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The electric conductivities of compressed pellets of the polysalts were obtained. The conductivities and Mössbauer parameters (I.S. and Q.S.) both change with respect to the kind of bidentate bridging bases.The conjugation of bridged ligand markedly affects the conductivity of the complexes.